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主谓一致中的“邻近原则”
下列不定代词作复数用:“(a)few ,many ,several, both”等。e.g.

①Few (of the guests ) were familiar to us . 没几个(客人)是我们熟识的。

②Both / Both (of ) these are interesting . 两部影片都有趣。

4下列代词须视其“具体所指”来决定单、复数:

1)“what ,which ,who ,whose ”等。e.g.

①Who is your brother ?你兄弟是谁?

②Who are League Members .哪些是团员?

2)"all , some ,more ,most ,any ,none ,a lot(of ), lots (of ),"等。e.g.

①All (of the students ) are working hard .(所有的学生)都在用功。

②All (of the paint ) is fine .(这些油漆)都很好。

3)"half(of), plenty (of), the rest(of), (a)part(of), the remainder(of )余下的)",等。e.g.

①Half of the apples are bad .苹果中有一半是坏的。

②Half of the apple is bad .这只苹果坏了一半。

Ⅲ.“数词”、“数量、单位”等词语作主语时:

1. 表示“运算”的数词通常作单数 。e.g.

Ten times four makes(make) forty .+ 乘以四得四十。

2.表“时间、距离、金额、度量衡”等的词语,作“整体”看时作单数用,侧重指“若干单位”时作复数用。e.g.

①Twenty years is not a long time . 二十年光阴,弹指一挥间。

②Twenty years have passed since he left . 他离开已二十个年头了。

3.“分数、百分数”通常依其“具体所指”来决定单、复数。e.g.

①About 40 percent / two-fifths of the books here are (is) worth reading . 这些书中百分之四十/五分之二值得读。

②Only sixty percent / three-fifths of the work was done yesterday .昨天只干完了百分之六十/五分之三的工作。

4. "a number of (许多)/ a varlety of (各式各样) "+复数名词,常作复数用。e.g.

①A number of students in this class are (is) from Sichuan . 这个班有不少同学来自四川。

②There are a variety of toys in this shop.这家商店有各种各样的玩具。

但是,“the number(数目)/ the variety(种类)”+ of + 复数名词,作单数。e.g.

①The number of students in this college has doubled . 这所大学的学生人数翻了一番。

②The variety of goods in this shop is rich . 这家商店货物品种丰富。

Ⅳ.单、复数同形或易混的词作主语时:(参见“名词”部分)

1.以“-ics”结尾的学科名词:指教育、科研的某一学科,作单数。e.g.

Mathematics seems easy to me .我似乎觉得数学不难。

但是,表“具体的学业、活动”等时,多用作复数。e.g.

①Her mathematics are weak . 她数学差。(指“学业成绩、能力”)

②What are your politiscs? 你的政治观点如何?

2. “works工厂,means方法,series系列,species物种,aircraft飞机”等名词单、复数同形,要从上下文判断其具体意义来决定单、复数。e.g.

①This works was(These works were)built two years ago . 这(几)家工厂是两年前修建的。

②Every means has (All means have) been tried . 各种办法都试过了。

这类名词通常还有“fish ,deer ,sheep ,headquarters (总部驻地),bellows(风箱), plastics, gallows (绞架), manners(礼貌) ,whereabouts (行踪), ”等。(但news(消息)是不可数名词,通常只作单数用。)

Ⅴ. "the + 形容词/分词"作主语时:

1. 指“一类”人或事物时,常用作复数用。e.g.

①The English speak English. 英国人讲英语。

②The rejected were heaped in the corner . 废品堆在角落里。

2.指“某一个”人,或“抽象的”事物时,作单数用。e.g.

①The deceased was his father . 去世的是他父亲。

②The agreeable is not always the useful . 好看的不一定中用。

③The new and progressive always wins over the old . 新生、进步的事物总是要战胜旧的东西。

Ⅵ.专用名词作主语时:

1.“书名、剧名、报刊名、国家名”等通常作单数用。e.g.

①The United States was founded in 1776. 美国成立于1776年。

②The Arabian Nights is very interesting . 《天方夜谭》很有趣。

2.“书刊名”有时作单数或复数两可,尤其是编成集子的书。e.g.

Dickens' Amerian Notes were (was ) published in 1842 .

狄更斯所著的《美国笔记》出版于1842年。

Ⅶ“what等引导的从句”作主语时:

1. 大多作单数用。e.g.

①What we need is more practice . 我们需要的是更多的实践。

②What he says doesn't agree with what he does . 他言行不一致。

2.若从句是含复数意义的并列结构、或“表语”是复数时,谓语动词用单数或复数两可。e.g.

①What you say and think is /are no business of mine . 你怎么说以及怎么想,不关我的事。

②What he bought was /were some books . 他所买的是几本书。

【就近一致原则(Proximity)】

也称“邻近原则”,即:谓语与靠近的名词、代词(有时不一定是主语)在“人称、数”上一致。

I.在正式文体中:

1.由下列词语连接的并列主语:"or ; either …or;nor; neither…or;whether…or;not…but; not only…but also" ; 等。e.g.

①What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行为或言谈都与我无关。

②Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都没错。

③Not you but your father is to blame . 不是你,而是你父亲该受责备。

④Not only you hut(also) he is wrong .不仅你错了,他也错了。

2. 在倒装句中:谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。e.g.

①In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在远处,能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。

②There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支钢笔和几本书。

II. 非正式文体中:

有时依“就近一致原则”,但也可依“意义一致原则”或严格地依“语法一致原则”。e.g.

Neither she nor I were there (意义一致) 我和他当时都不在那儿。(非正式)

Neither she nor I was there .(就近一致)(译文同上句)(正式)

但是,如果依“就近一致原则”而与其他两项原则相矛盾时,则常常认为是不太合符规范的。e.g.

No one except his own supporters agree with him .仅他自己的支持者同意他的意见。(依“就近”和“意义”一致的原则;但语法上,“No one ”才是主语,谓语要改成“agrees”。“写作中”一般要依“语法一致”原则。
作者:周老师(886233)07-08-25 14:00回复此贴
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